What are the cheapest airlines flying from Buffalo to Detroit round-trip?

Cheapflights users have booked flights from Buffalo to Detroit round-trip from $223. Other airlines that can offer you cheap pricing are Frontier, from $249, and Southwest, from $288. You may be able to fly from Buffalo to Detroit for 37% less than the average price by searching for these airlines.

What are the cheapest airlines to fly from Buffalo to Detroit one-way?

The cheapest airline one-way is Frontier, with whom users have recently found tickets for as low as $80. However, be on the lookout for offers from Southwest and JetBlue, as they are both options that can get you from Buffalo to Detroit for a low price.

What are the cheapest flights from Buffalo to Detroit?

While on average a flight from Buffalo to Detroit is generally $919, our data shows the cheapest flight currently is $128. When looking at the most popular route, (Buffalo - Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County), you can expect to pay $217 for that flight.

What are the most reliable airlines from Buffalo to Detroit?

Before booking your flight to Detroit from Buffalo, check out the most reliable airlines to get you to your destination on time: Aeromexico (85%), Korean Air (84%), Air France( 81%).

What is the cheapest day to fly round-trip from Buffalo to Detroit?

Saturday flights are generally found to be more expensive for flights from Buffalo to Detroit. This shouldn’t discourage you from searching, as you can still find great deals by being flexible with your options. Use our search form to find deals on tickets to Detroit.

What is the cheapest month to fly from Buffalo to Detroit?

Flights from Buffalo to Detroit lean towards being more expensive in March. Prices are generally better when you fly from Buffalo to Detroit in November, with the cheapest ticket starting at $149.

Most accurate provider : When it comes to deals on Buffalo-Detroit flights, users find the pricing of FlightHub to be most consistent on Cheapflights vs. FlightHub Users can find the same prices on Buffalo-Detroit flight deals on Cheapflights vs. FlightHub >95% of the time. Price accuracy is based on data collected from Buffalo-Detroit flight searches over the past month and is updated monthly.

Most trusted provider : When it comes to deals on Buffalo-Detroit flights, Cheapflights users trust FlightHub the most. FlightHub has received a user feedback score of 3 out of 3 stars (3 being the best), meaning they have been trusted the most by Cheapflights users looking for Buffalo-Detroit flight deals. Provider user feedback score is based on Cheapflights searches over the past month and is updated monthly.

What airports do I use to fly from Buffalo to Detroit?

Booking a flight from Buffalo (BUF) to Detroit All airports (DTT) is your only option if you wish to fly from Buffalo to Detroit. On a typical day, there are 7 flights from Buffalo to All airports, all of which are around 1h 08m for a nonstop flight. You can also purchase a plane ticket from 1 airline when you book a flight from Buffalo to Detroit.

Can I find deals for flights from Buffalo to Detroit that include hotel bookings?

Yes. In addition to deals on Buffalo to Detroit flights, Cheapflights offers vacation packages that include both flights and hotel.

How can I find direct flights from Buffalo to Detroit?

After entering your origin and destination, apply the non-stop filter on the search result page to find direct flights from Buffalo to Detroit.

Can I find deals for business class flights from Buffalo to Detroit?

Yes. Cheapflights offers flight deals from Buffalo to Detroit by cabin class. In addition to browsing deals, you can also filter by cabin class on the search results page after making a search.

$80+ Flights from Buffalo to Detroit

Home Search by date Vacation packages Hotels Flight deals Car rental Travel tips & news

Find cheap flights from Buffalo to Detroit with Cheapflights

1. Tell us where you want to go

Enter your travel information like dates, passengers, trip type (one-way or round trip), and preferred cabin class then click “Find deals”

2. Select your favorite providers

We find the providers serving your travel needs. Choose up to four travel providers to compare side-by-side for flights, hotels, or car rentals.

3. Compare prices and book

Review each provider’s pricing and select the best option for you! Book through your favorite provider’s website for a seamless experience.

Cheap flight deals from Buffalo to Detroit

Most accurate provider	FlightHub 3 stars
Most trusted provider	FlightHub 3 stars
Round-trip from	$223 (American Airlines)
One-way from	$80 (Frontier)
Popular in	March
Cheapest in	November
Average price	$442
Good round-trip deal	$303 or less
Good one-way deal	$201 or less

Provider with most accurate pricing for Buffalo-Detroit (DTT) flight deals.

Search Deals

Provider most trusted by Cheapflights users for Buffalo-Detroit (DTT) flights.

Search Deals

From Buffalo to Detroit (DTT)

Search Deals

One-way flight from Buffalo to Detroit (DTT)

Search Deals

Highest demand for flights based on searches. 2% potential increase in price ($8 potential increase over avg. RT price).

Search Deals

Cheapest flight prices on average. 2% potential price decrease ($8 potential savings vs. average RT price).

Search Deals

Average for round-trip flights in March 2025

Search Deals

Price to beat on a round-trip flight from Buffalo to Detroit (DTT).

Search Deals

Price to beat on a one-way flight from Buffalo to Detroit (DTT).

Search Deals

Find flight deals from Buffalo to Detroit

Cheapest flights from Buffalo to Detroit
Explore the most affordable flight options available from Buffalo to Detroit. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on March 28, 2025.

Wed 4/27:00 pmBUF - DTW

1 stop13h 00mFrontier

Wed 4/96:09 pmDTW - BUF

1 stop22h 21mFrontier

Deal found 3/25

$167

Thu 6/56:05 amBUF - DTW

1 stop4h 05mSouthwest

Wed 6/117:35 pmDTW - BUF

1 stop4h 45mSouthwest

Deal found 3/26

$217

Thu 5/83:50 pmBUF - DTW

1 stop7h 28mAmerican Airlines

Mon 5/126:42 amDTW - BUF

1 stop8h 13mAmerican Airlines

Deal found 3/27

$223

Fri 5/26:15 amBUF - DTW

Nonstop1h 12mDelta

Sat 5/310:03 amDTW - BUF

Nonstop1h 12mDelta

Deal found 3/26

$309

Thu 5/16:45 amBUF - DTW

1 stop6h 33mUnited Airlines

Wed 5/710:05 amDTW - BUF

2 stops23h 40mUnited Airlines

Deal found 3/26

$433

Best flights from Buffalo to Detroit
Discover carefully curated flight deals from Buffalo to Detroit that have cost, travel time, and layovers in mind to ensure you get the best travel experience. Data last updated March 28, 2025.

Thu 5/83:50 pmBUF - DTW

1 stop7h 28mAmerican Airlines

Mon 5/126:42 amDTW - BUF

1 stop8h 13mAmerican Airlines

Deal found 3/27

$223

Fri 4/1111:18 amBUF - DTW

1 stop8h 02mFrontier

Sat 4/123:28 pmDTW - BUF

1 stop9h 01mFrontier

Deal found 3/27

$249

Fri 5/25:20 pmBUF - DTW

1 stop5h 40mSouthwest

Sat 5/35:45 amDTW - BUF

1 stop5h 55mSouthwest

Deal found 3/26

$288

Fri 5/26:15 amBUF - DTW

Nonstop1h 12mDelta

Sat 5/310:03 amDTW - BUF

Nonstop1h 12mDelta

Deal found 3/26

$309

Thu 4/246:00 amBUF - DTW

2 stops11h 03mUnited Airlines

Fri 4/256:00 amDTW - BUF

1 stop3h 54mUnited Airlines

Deal found 3/27

$486

Last-minute flights from Buffalo to Detroit
Discover last-minute flight deals from Buffalo to Detroit. Data last updated March 28, 2025 and is based on user searches.

Wed 4/27:00 pmBUF - DTW

1 stop13h 00mFrontier

Wed 4/96:09 pmDTW - BUF

1 stop22h 21mFrontier

Deal found 3/25

$167

Wed 4/26:10 amBUF - DTW

2 stops9h 35mSouthwest

Wed 4/96:45 amDTW - BUF

1 stop6h 30mSouthwest

Deal found 3/25

$479

Thu 4/36:22 amBUF - DTW

Nonstop1h 10mDelta

Sat 4/510:59 amDTW - BUF

Nonstop1h 09mDelta

Deal found 3/27

$489

Thu 4/37:11 pmBUF - DTW

1 stop5h 01mAmerican Airlines

Sat 4/57:15 amDTW - BUF

2 stops7h 29mAmerican Airlines

Deal found 3/27

$514

Fri 4/42:54 pmBUF - DTW

2 stops22h 37mUnited Airlines

Sun 4/611:00 amDTW - BUF

1 stop5h 55mUnited Airlines

Deal found 3/26

$573

Fri 4/116:22 amBUF - DTW

Nonstop1h 10mDelta

Wed 4/167:01 amDTW - BUF

1 stop17h 26mDelta

Deal found 3/27

$351

Thu 4/244:56 pmBUF - DTW

1 stop7h 41mAmerican Airlines

Fri 4/256:27 amDTW - BUF

1 stop7h 47mAmerican Airlines

Deal found 3/27

$395

Thu 4/246:00 amBUF - DTW

2 stops11h 03mUnited Airlines

Fri 4/256:00 amDTW - BUF

1 stop3h 54mUnited Airlines

Deal found 3/27

$486

One-way flights from Buffalo to Detroit
Search for one-way flight options from Buffalo to Detroit. Find affordable one-way fares based on user searches. Data last updated March 28, 2025.

Sat 4/56:00 amBUF - DTW

1 stop8h 28mFrontier

Deal found 3/27

$80

Fri 5/25:20 pmBUF - DTW

1 stop5h 40mSouthwest

Deal found 3/25

$124

Mon 4/146:00 amBUF - DTW

1 stop7h 45mJetBlue

Deal found 3/27

$161

Sun 6/1511:41 amBUF - DTW

1 stop20h 28mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 3/25

$182

Wed 4/167:00 amBUF - DTW

2 stops12h 25mDelta

Deal found 3/27

$188

Wed 6/1111:52 amBUF - DTW

1 stop4h 57mAmerican Airlines

Deal found 3/27

$262

Fri 5/27:55 pmBUF - DTW

2 stops14h 10mUnited Airlines

Deal found 3/25

$284

Cheapflights Fare Finder

Use the filters below to find and compare flights from Buffalo to Detroit that are best for you.

Fly from

Fly to

Route

Depart

Return

Price

BuffaloDetroit

BUF - DTW

BUFDTW

Buffalo

Wed 4/2

7:00 pm-8:00 am

1 stop13h 00m

Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County

Wed 4/9

6:09 pm-4:30 pm

1 stop22h 21m

$167

BuffaloDetroit

BUF - DTW

BUFDTW

Buffalo

Thu 6/5

6:05 am-10:10 am

1 stop4h 05m

Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County

Wed 6/11

7:35 pm-12:20 am

1 stop4h 45m

$217

BuffaloDetroit

BUF - DTW

BUFDTW

Buffalo

Thu 5/8

3:50 pm-11:18 pm

1 stop7h 28m

Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County

Mon 5/12

6:42 am-2:55 pm

1 stop8h 13m

$223

BuffaloDetroit

BUF - DTW

BUFDTW

Buffalo

Fri 5/2

6:15 am-7:27 am

Nonstop1h 12m

Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County

Sat 5/3

10:03 am-11:15 am

Nonstop1h 12m

$309

BuffaloDetroit

BUF - DTW

BUFDTW

Buffalo

Thu 5/1

6:45 am-1:18 pm

1 stop6h 33m

Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County

Wed 5/7

10:05 am-9:45 am

2 stops23h 40m

$433

BuffaloDetroit

BUF - DTW

BUFDTW

Buffalo

Sat 4/5

6:00 am-2:28 pm

1 stop8h 28m

$80

BuffaloDetroit

BUF - DTW

BUFDTW

Buffalo

Fri 5/2

5:20 pm-11:00 pm

1 stop5h 40m

$124

BuffaloDetroit

BUF - DTW

BUFDTW

Buffalo

Mon 4/14

6:00 am-1:45 pm

1 stop7h 45m

$161

BuffaloDetroit

BUF - DTW

BUFDTW

Buffalo

Sun 6/15

11:41 am-8:09 am

1 stop20h 28m

$182

BuffaloDetroit

BUF - DTW

BUFDTW

Buffalo

Wed 4/16

7:00 am-7:25 pm

2 stops12h 25m

$188

Flights are sorted by cheapest round-trip flights first.

Deals found on 3/27

Showing 1-10 of 12 results

Compare providers for flights from Buffalo to Detroit

Use the table below to compare price accuracy, trust ratings, and cancellation policies for each provider offering flight deals from Buffalo to Detroit in March.

Provider	Price Accuracy	Trust Score*
Expedia	Price Accuracy1 star	Trust Score*3 stars
FlightHub	Price Accuracy3 stars	Trust Score*3 stars
eDreams	Price Accuracy3 stars	Trust Score*3 stars
Priceline	Price Accuracy1 star	Trust Score*3 stars

*The Trust Score is based on feedback from users after their booking experience. It measures overall satisfaction, helping us identify issues like hidden fees, problems during the ticketing process, and the quality of customer service. This score is our best indicator of the provider's quality and reliability.

Most accurate provider: When it comes to deals on Buffalo-Detroit flights, users find the pricing of FlightHub to be most consistent on Cheapflights vs. FlightHub Users can find the same prices on Buffalo-Detroit flight deals on Cheapflights vs. FlightHub >95% of the time. Price accuracy is based on data collected from Buffalo-Detroit flight searches over the past month and is updated monthly.
Most trusted provider: When it comes to deals on Buffalo-Detroit flights, Cheapflights users trust FlightHub the most. FlightHub has received a user feedback score of 3 out of 3 stars (3 being the best), meaning they have been trusted the most by Cheapflights users looking for Buffalo-Detroit flight deals. Provider user feedback score is based on Cheapflights searches over the past month and is updated monthly.

Best time to book a flight from Buffalo to Detroit

Have a flexible travel schedule? Discover the best time to fly to Detroit from Buffalo with our price prediction graph.

Estimated round-trip price

Rates are based on past data. Find the cheapest month and day to book your flight based on your travel requirements, then search for cheap deals.

Cheapflights Insights

Everything you need to know about your flight from Buffalo to Detroit

What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Buffalo to Detroit?

Currently, April is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Buffalo to Detroit (average of $257). Flying from Buffalo to Detroit in March is currently the most expensive (average of $305). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.

What is the cheapest time of day to fly from BUF to DTT?

A simple way to save on the total cost of your ticket is to fly from Buffalo to Detroit in the afternoon. If you’re flexible enough to do this you can expect to save up to 51% on your trip compared to booking a flight in the evening.

What is the cheapest day to fly from Buffalo to Detroit?

Travelers seeking maximum savings on their Buffalo to Detroit flight should consider departing on Thursday afternoons when fares are most often at their lowest. Friday evenings flights should be avoided if possible as fares are typically the most expensive at this time.

Weekly flight availability from Buffalo to Detroit

The most flights from BUF to DTT are scheduled on a Wednesday (12 on average). You will have fewer flight options on Saturday, which is when the least amount of flights are scheduled (2 on average).

Rainfall in Detroit by month

In terms of precipitation, rainfall in Detroit ranges from 1.8 - 3.1 inches per month. August is typically the wettest month, when rainfall can reach 3.1 in. January is typically the driest time to visit Detroit when rainfall is around 1.8 in.

Temperature in Detroit by month

If weather is an important factor for your trip to Detroit, use this chart to help with planning. For those seeking warmer temperatures, July is the ideal time of year to visit, when temperatures reach an average of 73.4 F. Travelers looking to avoid the cold should look outside of January, when temperatures are typically at their lowest (around 24.8 F).

Reviews of airlines servicing Detroit

Read through reviews of airlines operating flights from Buffalo to Detroit, such as Southwest, Delta and United Airlines. Reviews also offer insight into each airline's entertainment options, comfort, food, crew/service, and boarding process.

Southwest

8.1

Very good

4,274 reviews

Reviews

1 / 20

8.0

Excellent

Ila,Mar 2025

HOU - DAL

Our original flight was delayed. We were able to change our flight and got home at close to the same time. Looking forward to when you have assigned seating.

Southwest

8.1

Very good

4,274 reviews

Southwest

8.1

Very good

4,274 reviews

Reviews

1 / 20

8.0

Excellent

Ila,Mar 2025

HOU - DAL

Our original flight was delayed. We were able to change our flight and got home at close to the same time. Looking forward to when you have assigned seating.

Delta

8.0

Very good

7,897 reviews

Southwest

8.1

Very good

4,274 reviews

Reviews

1 / 20

8.0

Excellent

Ila,Mar 2025

HOU - DAL

Our original flight was delayed. We were able to change our flight and got home at close to the same time. Looking forward to when you have assigned seating.

United Airlines

7.4

Good

8,603 reviews

Southwest

8.1

Very good

4,274 reviews

Reviews

1 / 20

8.0

Excellent

Ila,Mar 2025

HOU - DAL

Our original flight was delayed. We were able to change our flight and got home at close to the same time. Looking forward to when you have assigned seating.

JetBlue

7.3

Good

2,923 reviews

Southwest

8.1

Very good

4,274 reviews

Reviews

1 / 20

8.0

Excellent

Ila,Mar 2025

HOU - DAL

Our original flight was delayed. We were able to change our flight and got home at close to the same time. Looking forward to when you have assigned seating.

American Airlines

7.2

Good

10,000 reviews

Southwest

8.1

Very good

4,274 reviews

Reviews

1 / 20

8.0

Excellent

Ila,Mar 2025

HOU - DAL

Our original flight was delayed. We were able to change our flight and got home at close to the same time. Looking forward to when you have assigned seating.

Related info for your journey

What airports do I use to fly from Buffalo to Detroit?
Booking a flight from Buffalo (BUF) to Detroit All airports (DTT) is your only option if you wish to fly from Buffalo to Detroit. On a typical day, there are 7 flights from Buffalo to All airports, all of which are around 1h 08m for a nonstop flight. You can also purchase a plane ticket from 1 airline when you book a flight from Buffalo to Detroit.
What are the cheapest airlines flying from Buffalo to Detroit round-trip?
Cheapflights users have booked flights from Buffalo to Detroit round-trip from $223. Other airlines that can offer you cheap pricing are Frontier, from $249, and Southwest, from $288. You may be able to fly from Buffalo to Detroit for 37% less than the average price by searching for these airlines.
What are the cheapest airlines to fly from Buffalo to Detroit one-way?
The cheapest airline one-way is Frontier, with whom users have recently found tickets for as low as $80. However, be on the lookout for offers from Southwest and JetBlue, as they are both options that can get you from Buffalo to Detroit for a low price.
What are the most reliable airlines from Buffalo to Detroit?
Before booking your flight to Detroit from Buffalo, check out the most reliable airlines to get you to your destination on time: Aeromexico (85%), Korean Air (84%), Air France( 81%).
What are the cheapest flights from Buffalo to Detroit?
While on average a flight from Buffalo to Detroit is generally $919, our data shows the cheapest flight currently is $128. When looking at the most popular route, (Buffalo - Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County), you can expect to pay $217 for that flight.
Can I find deals for flights from Buffalo to Detroit that include hotel bookings?
Yes. In addition to deals on Buffalo to Detroit flights, Cheapflights offers vacation packages that include both flights and hotel.
How can I find direct flights from Buffalo to Detroit?
After entering your origin and destination, apply the non-stop filter on the search result page to find direct flights from Buffalo to Detroit.
Can I find deals for business class flights from Buffalo to Detroit?
Yes. Cheapflights offers flight deals from Buffalo to Detroit by cabin class. In addition to browsing deals, you can also filter by cabin class on the search results page after making a search.
What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Buffalo to Detroit?
Currently, April is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Buffalo to Detroit (average of $257). Flying from Buffalo to Detroit in March is currently the most expensive (average of $305). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.

See more FAQs

Roseville

Port Huron

Browse thousands of different options on Cheapflights for your next trip

Top airline flying from Buffalo to Detroit

Airline	Cheapest	Average	Flexibility	On-time
Delta	Cheapest$259	Average$362	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-timeN/A

100% Free

Cheapflights is completely free to use, so you can start saving the moment you arrive.

Book with Flexibility

Our users can plan ahead with confidence and find flights with no change fees

Travel Smart

Millions of people come to us for their flight needs every year. We help make travel planning easy by providing useful insights and data-driven graphs that can inform your decisions.

$80+ Cheap flights from Buffalo to Detroit (BUF - DTT)

This is the cheapest one-way flight price found by a Cheapflights user in the last 72 hours by searching for a flight departing on 4/5. Fares are subject to change and may not be available on all flights or dates of travel.

Find cheap flights from Buffalo to Detroit with Cheapflights

1. Tell us where you want to go

2. Select your favorite providers

3. Compare prices and book

Cheap flight deals from Buffalo to Detroit

Most accurate provider

Most trusted provider

Round-trip from

One-way from

Popular in

Cheapest in

Average price

Good round-trip deal

Good one-way deal

Find flight deals from Buffalo to Detroit

Cheapest flights from Buffalo to DetroitExplore the most affordable flight options available from Buffalo to Detroit. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on March 28, 2025.

Explore the most affordable flight options available from Buffalo to Detroit. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on March 28, 2025.

Cheapflights Fare Finder

Use the filters below to find and compare flights from Buffalo to Detroit that are best for you.

Compare providers for flights from Buffalo to Detroit

Provider information is updated monthly. Please note that these providers often have deals for this flight, but the availability may vary on a day-by-day basis on Cheapflights.

Use the table below to compare price accuracy, trust ratings, and cancellation policies for each provider offering flight deals from Buffalo to Detroit in March.

Best time to book a flight from Buffalo to Detroit

Have a flexible travel schedule? Discover the best time to fly to Detroit from Buffalo with our price prediction graph.

Cheapflights Insights

Everything you need to know about your flight from Buffalo to Detroit

What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Buffalo to Detroit?

What is the cheapest time of day to fly from BUF to DTT?

Find hourly flight availability from Buffalo to Detroit. Discover flight options and departure times throughout the day, allowing you to choose a departure time that suits your schedule. Data last updated March 28, 2025.

What is the cheapest day to fly from Buffalo to Detroit?

Use this chart to determine the cheapest time to fly round-trip from Buffalo to Detroit. Price data was last updated on March 23, 2025.

Weekly flight availability from Buffalo to Detroit

Explore weekly flight availability from Buffalo to Detroit. Discover flights operating on different days of the week, giving you the flexibility to choose a travel day that best fits your plans. Compare info to find the most convenient option for your journey. Data last updated March 28, 2025.

Rainfall in Detroit by month

Plan your trip to Detroit by taking into account the average rainfall totals by month.

Temperature in Detroit by month

Plan your trip to Detroit by taking into account the average temperature totals by month.

Reviews of airlines servicing Detroit

Read through reviews of airlines operating flights from Buffalo to Detroit, such as Southwest, Delta and United Airlines. Reviews also offer insight into each airline's entertainment options, comfort, food, crew/service, and boarding process.

Related info for your journey

Find useful and relevant information for your journey from Buffalo to Detroit. Access travel guides, tips, and recommendations to enhance your travel experience. Get information about local attractions, weather, transportation options, and more.

What airports do I use to fly from Buffalo to Detroit?

What are the cheapest airlines flying from Buffalo to Detroit round-trip?

What are the cheapest airlines to fly from Buffalo to Detroit one-way?

What are the most reliable airlines from Buffalo to Detroit?

What are the cheapest flights from Buffalo to Detroit?

Can I find deals for flights from Buffalo to Detroit that include hotel bookings?

How can I find direct flights from Buffalo to Detroit?

Can I find deals for business class flights from Buffalo to Detroit?

What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Buffalo to Detroit?

Traveling to a place near Buffalo?

Browse thousands of different options on Cheapflights for your next trip

Toggle through the tabs below to find thousands of options on Cheapflights for your next trip.

Alternative routes for Buffalo to Detroit

See prices for flight routes from nearby airports that may be better suited for you.

Top airline flying from Buffalo to Detroit

100% Free

Book with Flexibility

Travel Smart

Cheapest flights from Buffalo to Detroit
Explore the most affordable flight options available from Buffalo to Detroit. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on March 28, 2025.